We review the present status of the Standard Model calculation of the anomalous magnetic
moment of the muon. This is performed in a perturbative expansion in the fine-structure …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a cell-wall component of Gram-negative bacteria which
contributes to bacterial toxicity. During processes such as cell division, shedding of outer …

Horseshoe crabs have been integral to the safe production of vaccines and injectable
medications for the past 40 years. The bleeding of live horseshoe crabs, a process that …

Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) testing of drugs is routinely required in pharmaceutical
industries. Suitable compendial assays are defined by national pharmacopoeias. At this …

Nanomaterials are highly susceptible to endotoxin contamination due their large surface‐to‐
volume ratios and endotoxins propensity to associate readily to hydrophobic and cationic …

Endotoxin testing is a vital part of quality and safety control in pharmaceutical production.
The primary method for this testing in North America and Europe is the limulus amebocyte …

The immune system is professional in recognizing and responding to non‐self, including
nanomaterials. Immune responses by professional and nonprofessional immune cells are …

Without adaptive immunity, invertebrates have evolved innate immune systems that react to
antigens on the surfaces of pathogens. These defense mechanisms are included in …

Endotoxin testing by recombinant factor C (rFC) is increasing with the addition of new
suppliers of reagents. By use of a recombinantly produced factor C, based on the sequence …

The determination of lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in serum or plasma samples using
Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)-based assays is currently not sufficiently reliable in clinical …