TY - JOUR T1 - Examination of Real and Virtual Leaks in Vacuum Freeze Dryers JF - PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology JO - PDA J Pharm Sci Technol SP - 151 LP - 160 VL - 36 IS - 4 AU - Thomas A. Jennings Y1 - 1982/07/01 UR - http://journal.pda.org/content/36/4/151.abstract N2 - This paper considers the nature and source of real and virtual leaks and the effects that such leaks can have on the drying process or the product. The presence of such leaks is detected by observing the rate of pressure rise (ROR) and mass spectrum of the gases. A set of guidelines is offered for determining the base real and virtual leakage and estimating the number and diameter of real leaks. The results of the study of real and virtual leakage in a laboratory freeze dryer are presented. ER -