PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Milano, E. A.
AU  - Waraszkiewicz, Sigmund M.
AU  - Dirubio, R.
TI  - Aluminum Catalysis of Epinephrine Degradation in Lidocaine Hydrochloride with Epinephrine Solutions
DP  - 1982 Nov 01
TA  - PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
PG  - 232--236
VI  - 36
IP  - 6
4099  - http://journal.pda.org/content/36/6/232.short
4100  - http://journal.pda.org/content/36/6/232.full
SO  - PDA J Pharm Sci Technol1982 Nov 01; 36
AB  - The degradation rate of epinephrine in a lidocaine hydrochloride parenteral solution is greatly increased in the presence of soluble aluminum. While epinephrine in these solutions may degrade by racemi-zation, oxidation, or bisulfite addition, the results of this study indicate that aluminum catalyzed the bisulfite addition reaction. It is postulated that catalysis resulted from the formation of a stable monocatecholate complex between epinephrine and aluminum, which may have provided a more favorable pathway for the bisulfite reaction. Kinetic studies showed that lidocaine hydrochloride solutions with epinephrine, which contained as little as 2 ppm aluminum exhibit a t90% value for epinephrine of less than twelve months at room temperature.