RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 The Effect of Resistivity Probe Design on the Measurement of the Freezing Temperature of Lyophilized Formulations JF PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology JO PDA J Pharm Sci Technol FD Parenteral Drug Association (PDA) SP 109 OP 126 VO 34 IS 2 A1 Thomas A. Jennings YR 1980 UL http://journal.pda.org/content/34/2/109.abstract AB The primary phase of the vacuum freeze drying process is based on the freezing temperature of the material. This paper considers the effect that the design and construction of resistivity cells will have on the determination of the freezing temperature. The nature of the electronics measuring circuit and each of the three basic cell designs will be described. A mathematical model will be used to depict the resistivity of an iceproduct matrix. The resistivity, as a function of temperature, will be presented for distilled water, a 2½% potassium chloride solution, a 2½% mannitol solution, and a combined solution of potassium chloride and mannitol. Based on a mathematical model and the experimental results, a discussion will be made as to the effect resistivity cell design will have on determining the freezing temperature of a product.