PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Northup, Sharon J.
TI  - Perspectives on Alternative Methods of Toxicological Testing
DP  - 1983 Nov 01
TA  - PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
PG  - 225--226
VI  - 37
IP  - 6
4099  - http://journal.pda.org/content/37/6/225.short
4100  - http://journal.pda.org/content/37/6/225.full
SO  - PDA J Pharm Sci Technol1983 Nov 01; 37
AB  - In the past, clinical laboratory experimentation has frequently depended on the use of laboratory animals for diagnostic purposes and to determine the safety and efficacy of products. The cost of maintaining colonies of laboratory animals has increased and, at the same time, a number of technologically sophisticated alternatives to animal testing have been developed. The most important of the alternatives are in vitro cell culture techniques, in vitro mutagenicity testing, and the use of mathematics and statistics in setting up models for pharmacology, toxicology, and physiology. Use of laboratory animals should continue to decline as further alternatives are developed and validated.