TY - JOUR T1 - Perspectives on Alternative Methods of Toxicological Testing JF - PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology JO - PDA J Pharm Sci Technol SP - 225 LP - 226 VL - 37 IS - 6 AU - Sharon J. Northup Y1 - 1983/11/01 UR - http://journal.pda.org/content/37/6/225.abstract N2 - In the past, clinical laboratory experimentation has frequently depended on the use of laboratory animals for diagnostic purposes and to determine the safety and efficacy of products. The cost of maintaining colonies of laboratory animals has increased and, at the same time, a number of technologically sophisticated alternatives to animal testing have been developed. The most important of the alternatives are in vitro cell culture techniques, in vitro mutagenicity testing, and the use of mathematics and statistics in setting up models for pharmacology, toxicology, and physiology. Use of laboratory animals should continue to decline as further alternatives are developed and validated. ER -