PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Patel, Suresh D.
AU  - Gupta, Bindu
AU  - Yalkowsky, Samuel H.
TI  - Acceleration of Heat Transfer in Vial Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceuticals. I: Corrugated Aluminum Quilt
DP  - 1989 Jan 01
TA  - PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
PG  - 8--14
VI  - 43
IP  - 1
4099  - http://journal.pda.org/content/43/1/8.short
4100  - http://journal.pda.org/content/43/1/8.full
SO  - PDA J Pharm Sci Technol1989 Jan 01; 43
AB  - The medium offering the greatest resistance to heat transfer from the freeze-dryer shelf to the moving and subliming interface within the product is the space between the flat shelf top and the concave vial bottom. The resistance to heat transfer can be greatly reduced by improving the thermal conductivity of this intervening space. Several heat transfer augmentation devices, which fill this gap, are described. The devices are inexpensive and easy to use. Experimental data show that the resistance of the intervening space is reduced appreciably and the drying time is greatly reduced.