PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Ganzi, Gary C.
AU  - Parise, Paul L.
TI  - The Production of Pharmaceutical Grades of Water Using Continuous Deionization Post-Reverse Osmosis
DP  - 1990 Jul 01
TA  - PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
PG  - 231--241
VI  - 44
IP  - 4
4099  - http://journal.pda.org/content/44/4/231.short
4100  - http://journal.pda.org/content/44/4/231.full
SO  - PDA J Pharm Sci Technol1990 Jul 01; 44
AB  - Continuous deionization (CDI) devices to purify water have recently become available. CDI and reverse osmosis (RO) equipment conform the key elements of water treatment trains that produce ultrapure water, without the need for the chemical regenerants associated with batch ion-exchange processes. CDI systems used as downstream polishers of RO product water have been found to be effective for the removal of trace ionic contaminants. Recently, CDI technology was extended, and devices are now capable of removing dissolved carbon dioxide without the requirement ofpH adjustment. Examples from a number of installations are provided. CDI systems have been found to reduce the levels of total oxidizable carbon as well. Field experiences are provided and discussed. RO/CDI systems can be maintained to provide product water with low levels of bacteria and pyrogens. The results of a nine-month study of a system designed to produce pharmaceutical grade water are provided.