PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - William G. Lindboe
AU  - Kan-Ichi Hayakawa
TI  - Comparative Terminal Sterilization
DP  - 1993 May 01
TA  - PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
PG  - 138--141
VI  - 47
IP  - 3
4099  - http://journal.pda.org/content/47/3/138.short
4100  - http://journal.pda.org/content/47/3/138.full
SO  - PDA J Pharm Sci Technol1993 May 01; 47
AB  - Thermal processing of product in its final container to achieve product safety has been a major process operation of the pharmaceutical and food industries for many years. The original batch type autoclave (retort) is still in prevalent use today. However, high volume continuous and semi-continuous methods are also utilized, primarily in the food industry. Each different terminal sterilization method and load type requires assurance of process adequacy. This paper examines some of the types of moist heat terminal sterilizers in both the pharmaceutical and food industries and compares their features.