PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Pflug, Irving J.
TI  - Measuring the Thermal Resistance of Microorganisms: Selecting an Appropriate Test System, Correcting for Heat-transfer Lags, and Determining Minimum Heating Times
DP  - 2003 May 01
TA  - PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
PG  - 160--185
VI  - 57
IP  - 3
4099  - http://journal.pda.org/content/57/3/160.short
4100  - http://journal.pda.org/content/57/3/160.full
SO  - PDA J Pharm Sci Technol2003 May 01; 57
AB  - Errors that occur in physical systems used to evaluate the heat resistance of microorganisms are discussed: namely, (a) not knowing the test heating-medium temperature accurately, (b) using heating times that are so short that the maximum temperature reached in the test unit is significantly below the test heating-medium temperature, and (c) ignoring significant heat-transfer lags, first in the heating and later in the cooling of the test units. Procedures and methods that can be used to minimize the effect of potential test-system errors on microbial resistance data are reported. Examples are included regarding the treatment of the different types of errors. Heating and cooling lag-correction values for several commonly-used testing systems, gleaned from the published literature and from the author's experience, are listed. A method is described and illustrated regarding how we may determine (in advance of carrying out an experiment to gather enumeration or survivor-curve data), the shortest heating time—highest temperature that should be used with a specific test-unit system and microbial DT -value.