%0 Journal Article %A Lida T. Nguyen %A John M. Wiencek %A Lee E. Kirsch %T Characterization Methods for the Physical Stability of Biopharmaceuticals %D 2003 %J PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology %P 429-445 %V 57 %N 6 %X The characterization of protein aggregation and gelation using various methods, including scanning and transmission electron microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, static light scattering, dynamic light scattering, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, rheology, and size exclusion chromatography (coupled with on-line laser light scattering, refractive index, and ultraviolet absorbance detection), are described in terms of theory and applications. %U https://journal.pda.org/content/pdajpst/57/6/429.full.pdf