PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Lida T. Nguyen
AU  - John M. Wiencek
AU  - Lee E. Kirsch
TI  - Characterization Methods for the Physical Stability of Biopharmaceuticals
DP  - 2003 Nov 01
TA  - PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
PG  - 429--445
VI  - 57
IP  - 6
4099  - http://journal.pda.org/content/57/6/429.short
4100  - http://journal.pda.org/content/57/6/429.full
SO  - PDA J Pharm Sci Technol2003 Nov 01; 57
AB  - The characterization of protein aggregation and gelation using various methods, including scanning and transmission electron microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, static light scattering, dynamic light scattering, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, rheology, and size exclusion chromatography (coupled with on-line laser light scattering, refractive index, and ultraviolet absorbance detection), are described in terms of theory and applications.