PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Ting Shi
AU  - Wei Ding
AU  - Donald W. Kessler
AU  - Nuria De Mas
AU  - Douglas G. Weaver
AU  - Charles Pathirana
AU  - Russell D. Martin
AU  - Nancy A. Mackin
AU  - Michael Casati
AU  - Scott A. Miller
AU  - Itzcoatl A. Pla
TI  - Investigation of Air–Liquid Interface Rings in Buffer Preparation Vessels: the Role of Slip Agents
AID  - 10.5731/pdajpst.2015.005736
DP  - 2016 May 01
TA  - PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
PG  - 272--281
VI  - 70
IP  - 3
4099  - http://journal.pda.org/content/70/3/272.short
4100  - http://journal.pda.org/content/70/3/272.full
SO  - PDA J Pharm Sci Technol2016 May 01; 70
AB  - Air–liquid interface rings were observed on the side walls of stainless steel buffer vessels after certain downstream buffer preparations. Those rings were resistant to regular cleaning-in-place procedures but could be removed by manual means. To investigate the root cause of this issue, multiple analytical techniques, including liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS), high-resolution accurate mass liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy have been employed to characterize the chemical composition of air–liquid interface rings. The main component of air–liquid interface rings was determined to be slip agents, and the origin of the slip agents can be traced back to their presence on raw material packaging liners. Slip agents are commonly used in plastic industry as additives to reduce the coefficient of friction during the manufacturing process of thin films. To mitigate this air–liquid interface ring issue, an alternate liner with low slip agent was identified and implemented with minimal additional cost. We have also proactively tested the packaging liners of other raw materials currently used in our downstream buffer preparation to ensure slip agent levels are appropriate.LAY ABSTRACT: Air–liquid interface rings were observed on the side walls of stainless steel buffer vessels after certain downstream buffer preparations. To investigate the root cause of this issue, multiple analytical techniques have been employed to characterize the chemical composition of air–liquid interface rings. The main components of air–liquid interface rings were determined to be slip agents, which are common additives used in the manufacturing process of thin films. The origin of the slip agents can be traced back to their presence on certain raw material packaging liners. To mitigate this air–liquid interface ring issue, an alternate liner with low slip agent was identified and implemented.