PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Lam, Philippe
AU  - Patapoff, Thomas W.
TI  - Split-cakes, still delicious
AID  - 10.5731/pdajpst.2018.008813
DP  - 2018 Jan 01
TA  - PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
PG  - pdajpst.2018.008813
4099  - http://journal.pda.org/content/early/2018/08/27/pdajpst.2018.008813.short
4100  - http://journal.pda.org/content/early/2018/08/27/pdajpst.2018.008813.full
AB  - "Elegant" lyophilized pharmaceutical product cakes are expected to appear as uniform foamy plugs with little shrinkage and minimal cracking. While studying internal cake structures, we have on occasion observed some cakes that were split horizontally, roughly in halves, with foamy top and lamellar bottom regions. After many years and numerous experiments, we can finally propose a mechanism for the formation of these cakes with unusual internal structures. This phenomenon involves a complex interplay of momentum, heat, mass transfer and phase equilibria.