RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Split-cakes, still delicious
JF PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
JO PDA J Pharm Sci Technol
FD Parenteral Drug Association (PDA)
SP pdajpst.2018.008813
DO 10.5731/pdajpst.2018.008813
A1 Lam, Philippe
A1 Patapoff, Thomas W.
YR 2018
UL http://journal.pda.org/content/early/2018/08/27/pdajpst.2018.008813.abstract
AB "Elegant" lyophilized pharmaceutical product cakes are expected to appear as uniform foamy plugs with little shrinkage and minimal cracking. While studying internal cake structures, we have on occasion observed some cakes that were split horizontally, roughly in halves, with foamy top and lamellar bottom regions. After many years and numerous experiments, we can finally propose a mechanism for the formation of these cakes with unusual internal structures. This phenomenon involves a complex interplay of momentum, heat, mass transfer and phase equilibria.