Review articleMicrobial/host interactions in health and disease: Who controls the cytokine network?
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2021, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryCitation Excerpt :Cytokines are a group of small soluble proteins that alter cell properties by means such as proliferation, differentiation, and regeneration on a local or systemic level75. Basically, these can be classified into (1) proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)), as found in excessive amounts in periodontally inflamed tissues76–78, and (2) anti-inflammatory cytokines (transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), IL-10)79. The relationship between these groups determines the extent of inflammation.
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2019, Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesCitation Excerpt :Inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha can exert harmful effects in the placenta and tend to be present at low concentrations; however, the other regulatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-10 is beneficial and tend to predominate [11]. This implies that bacterial challenges that focused on placenta and that produce inflammatory responses may lead to abortion by giving rise to a damaging combination of cytokines that causes damage but does not control the disease [11–13]. Moreover, cytokines are considered as effective motivators for acute phase protein (APP) synthesis [14].
Role for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) determination in seminal plasma during infertility investigation
2007, Fertility and SterilityCitation Excerpt :It may cause intravascular thrombosis, effects myocardial contractility and vascular smooth muscle activity, and may cause severe metabolic disturbances such as hypoglycemia. Hepatocyte-derived plasma proteins induced by TNF and other cytokines of innate immunity contribute to the acute-phase response to inflammatory stimuli (1–8). The synthesis of IL-1 can also be induced by endotoxins, viruses, mitogens, and antigens.
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