ReviewStrategies for particle design using supercritical fluid technologies
Section snippets
Choice of SF
All gases can form SFs above specific sets of critical conditions, although extremely high temperatures and/or pressures may be required. Several SFs with corresponding Tc and Pc values have been used for particle formation in several industrial sectors. For pharmaceutical applications, the most widely used SF is carbon dioxide (SFCO2) because of its low critical temperature (31.1°C), attractiveness for heat sensitive materials including products sourced from biologicals, as well as being
Strategies for particle formation using SF methods
The growing pharmaceutical interest in ‘smart’ particles for ever increasing sophistication in drug delivery systems, coupled with the regulatory drivers of focused attention on environmental issues, has highlighted the need for alternative particle-formation processes. Such procedures should be directed towards providing those features identified for an ideal particle-formation process (Box 1). Particularly important issues for the pharmaceutical industry are to achieve a clean,
Particle design for drug delivery with SF methods
Particle formation by supercritical methods is emerging as a viable platform technology for pharmaceuticals and drug delivery systems. If the requirements of an ideal particle- formation process are considered (Box 1), SF processing is being recognized as achieving many of these objectives, particularly with recent developments in the scale of operation38. However, although an increasing literature is appearing, fundamental mechanistic understanding of the SF solvent and antisolvent processes
Scale-up and GMP processing
The preparation of particulate products of small molecule pharmaceuticals, biological materials and composite formulations for drug delivery systems by SF processing provides several distinct advantages over conventional processing. Similarly, in terms of GMP requirements several attractive features are apparent, especially in providing a totally enclosed, single-step process for controlled particle formation.
Some advances have been made in mechanistic understanding of SF particle-formation
Summary and future perspective
As requirements and specifications for ‘smart’ particles for drug delivery systems become more demanding, the traditional particle preparation and pretreatment procedures are often found to be unsuitable and inadequate. Key issues for emerging replacement technologies are that they provide opportunities for crystal engineering and particle design, be defined scientifically such that by manipulating the process product can be fine tuned, and that the process is readily scaled for manufacturing
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