Parenteral drug products are protected by appropriate primary packaging to protect against
environmental factors, including potential microbial contamination during shelf life duration …

The development and commercialization of small molecules has been the traditional focus
of the pharmaceutical industry. However, since the advent of recombinant DNA technology …

Lyophilization is the process of dehydrating a material at low temperature and reduced
pressure. It is used to extend the shelf life of many biologic drug products. This paper …

Background/purpose In the absence of thorough microbiological, chemical and physical
stability data, high amounts of pharmaceutical products, from which the seal has been …

Parenteral container closure systems are in direct contact with the drug product formulation
and can significantly impact the product quality. The interaction between the drug product …

For lyophilization applications, the selection of the primary container system (ie vial, stopper,
seal) must be given careful consideration in order to avoid surprises in the later stages of …

Parenteral drug delivery refers to the administration of pharmaceuticals directly into the body
through non-oral routes, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. It offers several advantages …

Freeze-drying is effective technique used in pharmaceutical industry to increase the efficacy,
shelf-life of formulations and makes easier to transport and storage. Freeze-drying applies to …

A description is given of the primary and secondary packaging components for lyophilized
products. A discussion is presented on the geometry and design features of elastomeric …