The principal aim of this study was to evaluate the water vapour mass transfer resistance of
the dried layer and the vial heat transfer coefficient values of a pharmaceutical product …

The study is aimed at quantifying the relative contribution of key heat transfer modes in
lyophilization. Measurements of vial heat transfer rates in a laboratory‐scale freeze‐dryer …

This study uses a heat flux sensor and temperature probes to directly measure vial heat
transfer coefficients (K v) during primary and secondary drying stages of lyophilization. It is …

The principal aim of this study was to evaluate the Pressure Rise Analysis (PRA) method as
a nonintrusive method for monitoring the product temperature during primary drying of the …

This review concerns description of determination methods and presentation of some
significant recent experimental data related to the important parameters involved in the …

The objective of this research was to estimate differences in heat and mass transfer between
freeze dryers due to inherent design characteristics using data obtained from sublimation …

Vial design features can play a significant role in heat transfer between the shelf and the
product and, consequently, in the final quality of the freeze-dried product. Our objective was …

During the primary drying step of the freeze-drying process, mass transfer resistance
strongly affects the product temperature, and consequently the final product quality. The …

In the field of freeze-drying, the primary packaging material plays an essential role. Here, the
packaging system not only contains and protects the drug product during storage and …

Flow of water vapor is impeded by three barriers or resistances: resistance of the dried‐
product layer, resistance of the semistoppered vial, and resistance of the chamber. The …