When calculating of the physical F 121.1° C-value by the equation F 121.1° C= t· 10 T°
121.1/z the temperature (T), in combination with the z-value, influences the F 121.1° C-value …

The use of different combinations of sterilization time and temperature in a pilot scale
autoclave, GEV 612 AR-2 (Getinge Ab, Sweden), in optimizing the sterilization process was …

The appropriate z-value to use in integrating heat process time-temperature data in the
temperature range of 120.0–140.0° C (248.0–284.0° F) is discussed. We conclude that for …

In order to verify whether the sterilization process of 60 min at 100° C for invert sugar 20% is
sufficiently effective to attain the generally accepted probability of survival of maximum 1× …

Spores of Geobacillus stearothermophilus are very sensitive to changes in temperature.
When validating sterilizing processes, the most common bioindicator (BI) is spores of …

Because overkill steam sterilization processes in autoclaves are considered critical, they are
highly scrutinized, and the use of autoclaves in fixed loading patterns is a common approach …

Aims: To develop a model, based on microbiological principles, to safely optimize steam
sterilization processes. Methods and Results: The minimum exposure time F for a …

Process parametric release is widely accepted as an alternative to end-product biologic
sterility testing of injectable products. Based upon 12D overkill conditions (which according …

This chapter provides a basis for understanding sterilization using moist heat and the
sterilizers employed. It focuses on parts, components, and other items that need to be …