Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Past Issues
    • Accepted Articles
    • Email Alerts
    • RSS
    • Terms of Use
  • About PDA JPST
    • JPST Editors and Editorial Board
    • About/Vision/Mission
    • Paper of the Year
  • Author & Reviewer Resources
    • Author Resources / Submit
    • Reviewer Resources
  • JPST Access and Subscriptions
    • PDA Members
    • Institutional Subscriptions
    • Nonmember Access
  • Support
    • Join PDA
    • Contact
    • Feedback
    • Advertising
    • CiteTrack
  • .
    • Visit PDA
    • PDA Letter
    • Technical Reports
    • news uPDATe
    • Bookstore

User menu

  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
  • .
    • Visit PDA
    • PDA Letter
    • Technical Reports
    • news uPDATe
    • Bookstore
  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Past Issues
    • Accepted Articles
    • Email Alerts
    • RSS
    • Terms of Use
  • About PDA JPST
    • JPST Editors and Editorial Board
    • About/Vision/Mission
    • Paper of the Year
  • Author & Reviewer Resources
    • Author Resources / Submit
    • Reviewer Resources
  • JPST Access and Subscriptions
    • PDA Members
    • Institutional Subscriptions
    • Nonmember Access
  • Support
    • Join PDA
    • Contact
    • Feedback
    • Advertising
    • CiteTrack
  • Follow pda on Twitter
  • Visit PDA on LinkedIn
  • Visit pda on Facebook
Research ArticleResearch

Design and Characterization of Atenolol Transdermal Therapeutic Systems: Enhancement of Permeability via Iontophoresis

Harika Keerthi, Pavan Kumar Panakanti and Madhusudan Rao Yamsani
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology July 2012, 66 (4) 318-332; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5731/pdajpst.2012.00872
Harika Keerthi
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Pavan Kumar Panakanti
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Madhusudan Rao Yamsani
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: ymrao123@yahoo.com
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Abstract

The aim of the present investigation was to improve the permeation of Atenolol by preparing a transdermal patch and using the method of iontophoresis. Influence of chemical penetration enhancers was also studied. Combination of iontophoresis and chemical penetration enhancer d-limonene and oleic acid produced satisfactory permeation and flux. The electrically driven penetration enhancement provided by this method has succeeded in overcoming the formidable barrier presented by the stratum corneum, and has shown to be a promising technique for the transport of hydrophilic drug Atenolol from polymeric films. Atenolol is a water-soluble, ionizable drug and suffers from poor bioavailability when given by oral route due to its incomplete intestinal absorption and first-pass metabolism. Being a BCS class III drug, Atenolol has low log P (0.23) value, which also may be the reason for its poor intestinal absorption. Iontophoretic delivery using Ag/AgCl electrodes with current density of 0.35 mA/cm2 enhances its delivery rate and thereby overcomes the problem of incomplete absorption. The prepared transdermal patches were subjected to ex vivo drug permeation studies using rat skin in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 for 24 h (passive and iontophoresis), and samples collected were analyzed by gradient high-pressure liquid chromatography. The column used was chiral alpha-glycoprotein (AGP) column (10 cm, particle size 5μ) and UV-detection at 225 nm was used. The effectiveness of permeation enhancers (d-Limonene and oleic acid) was determined by comparing drug flux in the presence and absence of each enhancer. Combination strategies of iontophoresis with chemical enhancers like oleic acid led to the significantly higher flux levels compared with passive transdermal delivery.

  • Atenolol
  • Polymeric films
  • Physical enhancement
  • HPLC
  • Flux
  • © PDA, Inc. 2012
View Full Text

PDA members receive access to all articles published in the current year and previous volume year. Institutional subscribers received access to all content. Log in below to receive access to this article if you are either of these.  

If you are neither or you are a PDA member trying to access an article outside of your membership license, then you must purchase access to this article (below). If you do not have a username or password for JPST, you will be required to create an account prior to purchasing. 

Full issue PDFs are for PDA members only.

Note to pda.org users

The PDA and PDA bookstore websites (www.pda.org and www.pda.org/bookstore) are separate websites from the PDA JPST website. When you first join PDA, your initial UserID and Password are sent to HighWirePress to create your PDA JPST account. Subsequent UserrID and Password changes required at the PDA websites will not pass on to PDA JPST and vice versa. If you forget your PDA JPST UserID and/or Password, you can request help to retrieve UserID and reset Password below.

Log in using your username and password

Forgot your user name or password?

Log in through your institution

You may be able to gain access using your login credentials for your institution. Contact your library if you do not have a username and password.
If your organization uses OpenAthens, you can log in using your OpenAthens username and password. To check if your institution is supported, please see this list. Contact your library for more details.

Purchase access

You may purchase access to this article. This will require you to create an account if you don't already have one.

patientACCESS

patientACCESS - Patients desiring access to articles

Full issue PDFs are for PDA members only. You can join PDA at www.pda.org. 

PreviousNext
Back to top

In This Issue

PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology: 66 (4)
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
Vol. 66, Issue 4
July/August 2012
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by Author
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Design and Characterization of Atenolol Transdermal Therapeutic Systems: Enhancement of Permeability via Iontophoresis
(Your Name) has sent you a message from PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
11 + 4 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
Design and Characterization of Atenolol Transdermal Therapeutic Systems: Enhancement of Permeability via Iontophoresis
Harika Keerthi, Pavan Kumar Panakanti, Madhusudan Rao Yamsani
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Jul 2012, 66 (4) 318-332; DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2012.00872

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Design and Characterization of Atenolol Transdermal Therapeutic Systems: Enhancement of Permeability via Iontophoresis
Harika Keerthi, Pavan Kumar Panakanti, Madhusudan Rao Yamsani
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Jul 2012, 66 (4) 318-332; DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2012.00872
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Materials and Methods
    • Results and Discussion
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Microorganism Profile Identified in Bioburden Analysis in a Biopharmaceutical Facility in Brazil: Criteria for Classification and Management of Results
  • Evaluation of Extreme Depyrogenation Conditions on the Surface Hydrolytic Resistance of Glass Containers for Pharmaceutical Use
  • A Holistic Approach for Filling Volume Variability Evaluation and Control with Statistical Tool
Show more Research

Similar Articles

Readers

  • About
  • Table of Content Alerts/Other Alerts
  • Subscriptions
  • Terms of Use
  • Contact Editors

Author/Reviewer Information

  • Author Resources
  • Submit Manuscript
  • Reviewers
  • Contact Editors

Parenteral Drug Association, Inc.

  • About
  • Advertising/Sponsorships
  • Events
  • PDA Bookstore
  • Press Releases

© 2025 PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Print ISSN: 1079-7440  Digital ISSN: 1948-2124

Powered by HighWire