Container Closure Integrity Testing—Method Development for Freeze-Dried Products Using Laser-Based Headspace Oxygen Analysis

Abstract

The regulatory expectations introduced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1999, ICH Q5C, the revised draft of Annex 1, Eudralex volume 4 for consultation, and the recent update of USP general chapters 1207.1 and 1207.2 regarding container closure integrity (CCI) testing have created a need for further development of testing methods, although there are no universally accepted methods to test and evaluate the CCI of a biopharmaceutical drug product. Each testing method and principle has merits and demerits.

This paper will present a simple approach to be used in method validation of CCI testing based on headspace oxygen analysis for freeze-dried biopharmaceutical drug products in vials, as well as a method for testing and verifying positive control vials. The model is based on Fick's law of diffusion and is empirically corrected to account for Knudsen diffusion in smaller defect sizes. The model considers storage conditions of the vials, allowing for testing of vials stored under anaerobic and near-sealing pressure conditions and different temperature conditions, as well as testing at different time points. Using this approach based on headspace oxygen analysis, the minimum timeframe for leak detection is dependent on the volume of the object tested, but standard vial sizes have shown that leak sizes of 0.2 μm can be detected within hours of vial stoppering with the model developed. CCI testing by headspace oxygen analysis using this approach can be done quickly and non-destructively. This method can prove its effectiveness in demonstration of a protective critical barrier (CCI) for a biopharmaceutical drug product during real-time situations of manufacturing, transportation, registered storage conditions, etc. (life-cycle approach).

LAY ABSTRACT: The recent update of the guideline, USP general chapters 1207.1 and 1207.2, regarding container closure integrity (CCI) testing, has created a need for further development of testing methods. The new methods applied should be deterministic, i.e., describe predefined detection limits and objective quantitative data. Deterministic leak test methods are methods for which the leakage event being detected or measured is based on phenomena that follow a predictable chain of events.

At present, there is no universally accepted method to test and evaluate the CCI of a biopharmaceutical drug product.

This paper will present a simple model-based method based on headspace oxygen analysis for freeze-dried biopharmaceutical drug products in vials, as well as a method for testing and verifying positive control vials. Positive controls are vials with a known defect, e.g., an inserted micropipette.

The model considers storage conditions of the vials, allowing for testing of vials stored under different pressure and temperature conditions, as well as testing at different time points. CCI testing by headspace oxygen analysis using the new approach can be done quickly and without destruction of the vials. This method can prove its effectiveness in demonstration of a protective critical barrier (CCI) for a biopharmaceutical drug product during real situations of manufacturing, transportation, registered storage conditions, etc.