Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Past Issues
    • Accepted Articles
    • Email Alerts
    • RSS
    • Terms of Use
  • About PDA JPST
    • JPST Editors and Editorial Board
    • About/Vision/Mission
    • Paper of the Year
  • Author & Reviewer Resources
    • Author Resources / Submit
    • Reviewer Resources
  • JPST Access and Subscriptions
    • PDA Members
    • Institutional Subscriptions
    • Nonmember Access
  • Support
    • Join PDA
    • Contact
    • Feedback
    • Advertising
    • CiteTrack
  • .
    • Visit PDA
    • PDA Letter
    • Technical Reports
    • news uPDATe
    • Bookstore

User menu

  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
  • .
    • Visit PDA
    • PDA Letter
    • Technical Reports
    • news uPDATe
    • Bookstore
  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Past Issues
    • Accepted Articles
    • Email Alerts
    • RSS
    • Terms of Use
  • About PDA JPST
    • JPST Editors and Editorial Board
    • About/Vision/Mission
    • Paper of the Year
  • Author & Reviewer Resources
    • Author Resources / Submit
    • Reviewer Resources
  • JPST Access and Subscriptions
    • PDA Members
    • Institutional Subscriptions
    • Nonmember Access
  • Support
    • Join PDA
    • Contact
    • Feedback
    • Advertising
    • CiteTrack
  • Follow pda on Twitter
  • Visit PDA on LinkedIn
  • Visit pda on Facebook
Research ArticleResearch

Antimicrobial Effectiveness in Eye Drops: Limited Sterility versus Reduction in Microbial Count

Qasem M. Abu Shaqra, Rania M. Al-Groom and Aseel Q. Abu Shaqra
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology May 2020, 74 (3) 309-317; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5731/pdajpst.2019.009845
Qasem M. Abu Shaqra
1ASMI Medica, Zarqa, Jordan;
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: qabushaqra@hotmail.com
Rania M. Al-Groom
2Department of Nutrition, Al-Zarqa University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, As-Salt, Jordan; and
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Aseel Q. Abu Shaqra
3Abu Shaqra Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Jabal Al-Hussein, Amman, Jordan
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. 1.↵
    World Health Organization. Ophthalmic preparations. In The International Pharmacopoeia, 9th Edition, WHO: Geneva, 2019, Online Version http://apps.who.int/phint/en/p/about (accessed May 11, 2019)
  2. 2.↵
    1. Van Santvliet L.,
    2. Ludwig A.
    Determinants of Eye Drop Size. Surv. Ophthalmol. 2004, 49 (2), 197–213.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  3. 3.↵
    1. Titcomb L.
    Are Quality Standards Being Reduced as Eye Drops Are Classed as Devices. Pharm. J. 2010, 284, 633–638.
    OpenUrl
  4. 4.↵
    1. Gupta N. V.,
    2. Reddy G. V.
    A Comparative Study of Quality Control Tests for Eye Preparations as per IP, BP and USP. Int. J. Drug Dev. Res. 2015, 7, 0975–9344.
  5. 5.↵
    1. Uddin S.,
    2. Al Mamun A.,
    3. Kabir T.,
    4. Setu J. R.,
    5. Zaman S.,
    6. Begum Y.,
    7. Amran S.
    Tests for Ophthalmic Pharmaceuticals: Pharmacopoeial Standards and Specifications. J. Adv. Med. Pharm. Sci. 2017, 14 1–17.
    OpenUrl
  6. 6.↵
    British National Formulary, BMJ Group and RPS Publishing: London, 2010; p 59.
  7. 7.↵
    1. Sangeetha J.,
    2. Prasanth D. A.
    Bacterial Contamination of In-Use Ocular Medications. IOSR J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. 2017, 12, 96–100.
    OpenUrl
  8. 8.↵
    1. Virani S.,
    2. Rewri P.,
    3. Vyas A.
    Microbiological Safety of Using Eye Drops after One Month: Contamination Is a Rule or Mere Regulation? Delhi J. Ophthalmol. 2016, 26 (3), 176–179.
    OpenUrl
  9. 9.↵
    Efficacy of Antimicrobial Preservatives. In European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.), 8th Edition, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France, 2013; 5.1.3, pp 557–558.
    OpenUrl
  10. 10.↵
    U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Antimicrobial Effectiveness Testing. In USP 40, USP: Rockville, MD, 2017; 51, pp 111–114.
    OpenUrl
  11. 11.↵
    International Organization for Standardization, Ophthalmic optics—Contact lens care products—Antimicrobial preservative efficacy testing and guidance on determining discard date. (ISO 14730: 2014E). ISO: Geneva, 2014.
  12. 12.↵
    1. Aulton M. E.
    1. Hodges N.
    Pharmaceutical Pre-formulation: The Physicochemical Properties of Drug Substances. In Pharmaceutics—The Science of Dosage Form Design, 2nd Edition; Aulton M. E., Ed.; Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh, 2012; pp 623–642.
  13. 13.↵
    1. Moser C. L.,
    2. Meyer B. K.
    Comparison of Compendial Antimicrobial Effectiveness Tests: A Review. AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech. 2011, 12 (1), 222–226.
    OpenUrl
  14. 14.↵
    1. Sutton S.,
    2. Porter D.
    Development of the Antimicrobial Effectiveness Test as USP Chapter <51>. PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol. 2002, 56 (6), 300–311.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  15. 15.↵
    International Organization for Standardization, Sterilization of health care products—Vocabulary. (ISO/technical standards 11139). ISO: Geneva, 2018.
  16. 16.↵
    1. Jayal A. B.,
    2. Johns B. E.,
    3. Purdy K. J.,
    4. Maddocks S. E.
    Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 Originally Isolated from an Outer Ear Infection. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 2017, 5, e01397–17.
    OpenUrl
  17. 17.↵
    1. Teweldemedhin M.,
    2. Gebreyesus H.,
    3. Atsbaha A. H.,
    4. Asgedom S. W.,
    5. Saravanan M.
    Bacterial Profile of Ocular Infections: A Systematic Review. BMC Ophthalmol. 2017, 17 (1).
  18. 18.↵
    1. Spencer W. H.
    Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections of the Eye. Calif. Med. 1953, 79, 438–443.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  19. 19.↵
    1. Hemavathi P. S.,
    2. Sarmah P.,
    3. Shenoy P.
    Profile of Microbial Isolates in Ophthalmic Infections and Antibiotic Susceptibility of the Bacterial Isolates: A Study in an Eye Care Hospital, Bangalore. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2014, 8, 23–25.
    OpenUrl
  20. 20.↵
    1. Abu Shaqra Q. M.,
    2. Al-Groom R. M.
    Microbiological Quality of Hair and Skin Care Cosmetics Manufactured in Jordan. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation 2012, 69, 69–72.
    OpenUrl
  21. 21.↵
    1. Sutton S.
    The Antimicrobial Efficacy Test, GMP and Investigations. Microbiology 2013, 16, 40–48.
    OpenUrl
  22. 22.↵
    1. Baudouin C.,
    2. Labbé A.,
    3. Liang H.,
    4. Pauly A.,
    5. Brignole-Baudouin F.
    Preservatives in Eyedrops: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2010, 29 (4), 312–334.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  23. 23.↵
    1. Pellinen P.,
    2. Huhtala A.,
    3. Tolonen A.,
    4. Lokkila J.,
    5. Mäenpää J.,
    6. Uusitalo H.
    The Cytotoxic Effects of Preserved and Preservative-Free Prostaglandin Analogs on Human Corneal and Conjunctival Epithelium in Vitro and the Distribution of Benzalkonium Chloride Homologs in Ocular Surface Tissues in Vivo. Curr. Eye Res. 2012, 37 (2), 145–154.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  24. 24.↵
    1. Steven D. W.,
    2. Alaghband P.,
    3. Lim K. S.
    Preservatives in Glaucoma Medication. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2018, 102 (11), 1497–1503.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  25. 25.↵
    1. Kawa J. E.,
    2. Higginbotham E. J.,
    3. Chang I. L.,
    4. Yue B. Y.
    Effects of Antiglaucoma Medications on Bovine Trabecular Meshwork Cells in Vitro. Exp. Eye Res. 1993, 57 (5), 557–565.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  26. 26.↵
    Appendix XVI C A367-A369. Efficacy of Antimicrobial Preservation. In British Pharmacopoeia. The Stationery Office: London, 2005.
  27. 27.↵
    1. Akinkunmi E. O.
    An Evaluation of the Pharmaceutical Quality and Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Some Frequently Used Eye Drops Products Available for Sale in Nigeria. Ann. Trop. Med. Public Health 2013, 6, 221–226.
    OpenUrl
  28. 28.↵
    1. Olorode O. A.,
    2. Ofonime O. M.,
    3. Orowo A. E.
    Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Ophthalmic Drops Sold in Nigeria Pharmacy Stores and Market Places. Med. Res. Chron. 2017, 4, 109–122.
    OpenUrl
  29. 29.↵
    1. Tsegaw A.,
    2. Tsegaw A.,
    3. Abula T.,
    4. Assefa Y.
    Bacterial Contamination of Multidose Eye Drops at Ophthalmology Department, University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Middle East Afr. J. Ophthalmol. 2017, 24 (2), 81–86.
    OpenUrl
  30. 30.↵
    1. Feghhi M.,
    2. Mahmoudabadi A. Z.,
    3. Mehdinejad M.
    Evaluation of Fungal and Bacterial Contaminations of Patient-Used Ocular Drops. Med. Mycol. 2008, 46 (1), 17–21.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  31. 31.↵
    1. Abu Shaqra Q. M.,
    2. Husari N.
    Preservation Efficiency of Some Commercially Available Antacid Suspensions against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027. Int. Biodeterior. 1987, 23 (1), 47–51.
    OpenUrl
  32. 32.↵
    1. Uwaezuoke J. C.,
    2. Nnodim J. K.
    Microbiological Quality of Eye Drops Sold in Owerri. Int. J. Pharm. Med. Biol. Sci. 2014, 3, 98–102.
    OpenUrl
  33. 33.↵
    1. Saisyo A.,
    2. Oie S.,
    3. Kimura K.,
    4. Sonoda K. H.,
    5. Furukawa H.
    Microbial Contamination of In-Use Ophthalmic Preparations and Its Prevention. Bull. Yamaguchi Med. Sci. 2016, 63, 17–24.
    OpenUrl
  34. 34.↵
    1. Kwong M. S.,
    2. Evans D. J.,
    3. Ni M.,
    4. Cowell B. A.,
    5. Fleiszig S. M.
    Human Tear Fluid Protects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis in a Murine Experimental Model. Infect. Immun. 2007, 75 (5), 2325–2332.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  35. 35.↵
    1. Preston M. J.,
    2. Fleiszig S. M. J.,
    3. Zaidi T. S.,
    4. Goldberg J. B.,
    5. Shortridge V. D.,
    6. Vasil M. L.,
    7. Pier G. B.
    Rapid and Sensitive Method for Evaluating Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence Factors during Corneal Infections in Mice. Infect. Immun. 1995, 63 (9), 3497–3501.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  36. 36.↵
    1. Abu Shaqra Q. M.,
    2. Al-Momani W.,
    3. Al-Groom R. M.
    Susceptibility of Some Bacterial Contaminants Recovered from Commercial Cosmetics in Jordan to Preservatives and Antibiotics. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 2014, 13 (2), 255–259.
    OpenUrl
  37. 37.↵
    1. Mugoyela V.,
    2. Mwambete K. D.
    Microbial Contamination of Nonsterile Pharmaceuticals in Public Hospital Settings. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 2010, 6, 443–448.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  38. 38.↵
    1. Sutton S.
    Accuracy of Plate Counts. J. Val. Tech. 2011, 17, 42–46.
    OpenUrl
PreviousNext
Back to top

In This Issue

PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology: 74 (3)
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
Vol. 74, Issue 3
May/June 2020
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by Author
  • Complete Issue (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Antimicrobial Effectiveness in Eye Drops: Limited Sterility versus Reduction in Microbial Count
(Your Name) has sent you a message from PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
1 + 3 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
Antimicrobial Effectiveness in Eye Drops: Limited Sterility versus Reduction in Microbial Count
Qasem M. Abu Shaqra, Rania M. Al-Groom, Aseel Q. Abu Shaqra
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology May 2020, 74 (3) 309-317; DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2019.009845

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Antimicrobial Effectiveness in Eye Drops: Limited Sterility versus Reduction in Microbial Count
Qasem M. Abu Shaqra, Rania M. Al-Groom, Aseel Q. Abu Shaqra
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology May 2020, 74 (3) 309-317; DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2019.009845
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • 1. Introduction
    • 2. Materials and Methods
    • 3. Results
    • 4. Discussion
    • 5. Conclusion
    • Conflict of Interest Declaration
    • Dedication
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • A proof-of-concept study on a universal standard kit to evaluate the risks of inspectors for their foundational ability of visual inspection of injectable drug products
  • Definition of Particle Visibility Threshold in Parenteral Drug Products—Towards Standardization of Visual Inspection Operator Qualification
  • Understanding Alignment in the Execution of Extractable Screening Studies Between Laboratories: Results of the ELSIE Lab Practices Sub-Team Industry Surveys
Show more Research

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • Eye drops
  • “Limited” sterility
  • Preservatives
  • Challenge test
  • Compendial specifications
  • Inoculum size

Readers

  • About
  • Table of Content Alerts/Other Alerts
  • Subscriptions
  • Terms of Use
  • Contact Editors

Author/Reviewer Information

  • Author Resources
  • Submit Manuscript
  • Reviewers
  • Contact Editors

Parenteral Drug Association, Inc.

  • About
  • Advertising/Sponsorships
  • Events
  • PDA Bookstore
  • Press Releases

© 2025 PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Print ISSN: 1079-7440  Digital ISSN: 1948-2124

Powered by HighWire