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PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology

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Research ArticleResearch

People as a Contamination Source in Pharmaceutical Clean Rooms—Source Strengths and Calculated Concentrations of Airborne Contaminants

Bengt Ljungqvist and Berit ReinmÜller
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology March 2021, 75 (2) 119-127; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5731/pdajpst.2020.012054
Bengt Ljungqvist
Building Services Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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Berit ReinmÜller
Building Services Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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  • For correspondence: beritr@chalmers.se
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References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Whyte W.,
    2. Vesley D.,
    3. Hodgson R.
    Bacterial Dispersion in Relation to Operating Room Clothing. J. Hyg. 1976, 76 (3), 367–378.
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    1. Hoborn J.
    , Humans as Dispersers of Microorganisms—Dispersion Pattern and Prevention, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Göteborg, Sweden, 1981.
  3. 3.↵
    1. Whyte W.,
    2. Bailey P.
    Reduction of Microbial Dispersion by Clothing. J. Parenter. Sci. Technol. 1985, 39 (1), 51–61.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  4. 4.↵
    1. Reinmüller B.,
    2. Ljungqvist B.
    Modern Cleanroom Clothing Systems: People as a Contamination Source. PDA J. Pharm. Sci.. Technol. 2003, 57 (2), 114–125.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  5. 5.↵
    1. Ljungqvist B.,
    2. Reinmüller B.
    Cleanroom Clothing Systems—People as a Contamination Source; PDA/DHI Publishing LLC: River Grove, IL, 2004.
  6. 6.↵
    1. Whyte W.,
    2. Hejab M.
    Particle and Microbial Airborne Dispersion from People. Eur. J. Parenter. Pharm. Sci.s 2007, 12 (2), 39–46.
    OpenUrl
  7. 7.↵
    Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology. IEST-RP-CC003.4. Garment System Considerations for Cleanrooms and Other Controlled Environments; IEST: Arlington Heights, IL, 2011.
  8. 8.↵
    1. Ljungqvist B.,
    2. Reinmüller B.
    Active Sampling of Airborne Viable Particles in Controlled Environments; a Comparative Study of Common Instruments. Eur. J.Parenter. Sci. 1998, 3 (3), 59–62.
    OpenUrl
  9. 9.↵
    1. Ljungqvist B.,
    2. Reinmüller B.
    Monitoring Efficiency of Microbiological Impaction Air Samplers. Eur. J. Parenter. Pharm. Sci. 2008, 13 (4), 93–97.
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  10. 10.
    1. Austin R. P.
    Contamination Control Index. Contam. Contr. 1966, 5 (1), 11–19.
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  11. 11.↵
    International Organization for Standardization, ISO 14644-16:2019 Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments—Part 16: Energy efficiency in cleanrooms and separative devices. ISO: Geneva, 2019.
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PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology: 75 (2)
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
Vol. 75, Issue 2
March/April 2021
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People as a Contamination Source in Pharmaceutical Clean Rooms—Source Strengths and Calculated Concentrations of Airborne Contaminants
Bengt Ljungqvist, Berit ReinmÜller
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Mar 2021, 75 (2) 119-127; DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2020.012054

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People as a Contamination Source in Pharmaceutical Clean Rooms—Source Strengths and Calculated Concentrations of Airborne Contaminants
Bengt Ljungqvist, Berit ReinmÜller
PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Mar 2021, 75 (2) 119-127; DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2020.012054
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Keywords

  • airborne contaminants
  • pharmaceutical cleanrooms
  • predicted contamination levels
  • source strengths
  • test chamber

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