Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Photo of glass vials used in 1795 near Alexandria, Virginia (15).
- Figure 2
Limousin's drawing of a glass ampoule (24).
- Figure 3
Evolution of pharmaceutical container shape, size, color, and glass composition from 1600s through today. From left to right: (a) manually free-blown soda-lime bottle circa 1600–1699, (b) manually mold-blown soda-lime bottle circa 1700–1799, (c) manually mold-blown soda-lime vial circa 1840–1860, (d) manually mold-blown soda-lime bottle circa 1865–1915, (e) semi-automatically mold blown soda-lime bottle circa 1880–1920, and (f) borosilicate vials: mold blown amber and tubular converted clear circa 2013–2016. Objects a–e are from the collection of the Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, NY.
- Figure 4
Illustration of different corrosion processes on a glass surface (51). (A) Congruent dissolution releases all elements at a single rate, (B) incongruent dissolution releasing elements at different rates, (C) corrosion of surface by chemical reaction of solvent with solid, and (D) leaching of alkali without affecting network elements.
- Figure 5
Timeline of USP revisions and key milestones regarding the use of glass in parenteral packaging. The tests indicate when they were included in the USP containers chapter(s) and are grouped to illustrate the tests that distinguish each glass types.
- Figure 6
Electron microscope image of the interior heel region of a vial which exhibited delaminated flakes after exposure to a liquid solution. The figure shows several thin flakes that have not yet released from the container surface and regions where the flakes have already been released.
Tables
Liquid Price/Gallon Soliris (Treatment of rare blood cell disorder)5 $46,251,271 Scorpion Venom6 $38,858,507 Copaxone (MS Medication)4 $27,476,736 Thailand Cobra Venom6 $152,835 Chanel No. 56 $25,600 Insulin6 $9,411 - TABLE II
Analyzed Glass Compositions for Ancient and Modern Glass Containers, Showing Similar Ratios from 1500 BC to Modern Times
Weight % Egypt 1500 BC (10) Roman 1st Century AD (11) Window Glass 8th–9th Century (12–13) Naples 17th Century (12–13) Beverage Bottle 2013 (14) SiO2 68 69 70 69 73 Al2O3 3 4 2 1 1 B2O3 Na2O 16 19 15 17 12 K2O 2 <1 1 3 <1 MgO 3 1 1 2 2 CaO 4 7 6 9 11 Fe2O3 1 1 1 <1 <1 - TABLE III
Glass Composition for Several Commercial Borosilicates between 1900 and 2016. (A) Pyrex 33-expansion Borosilicate, (B) Schott Jena Fiolax Glass, and (C) Kimble's 51-expansion Borosilicate
A Weight% Pyrex 191833 Pyrex 194734 Pyrex 198535 Pyrex 201136 SiO2 80.5 80.6 80.5 81.5 Al2O3 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.3 B2O3 11.8 12.8 12.9 12.3 Na2O 4.4 3.5 3.8 3.9 K2O 0.2 0.4 0.4 B Weight% Jena 191833 Jena 193724 Fiolax 201136 Fiolax 201637 SiO2 65 65 74.6 75 Al2O3 4.2 4 5.6 5.4 B2O3 10.7 11 10.9 10.5 Na2O 7.8 7.5 6.9 7.1 CaO 0.6 1.5 1.5 ZnO 10.9 11 As2O3 0.2 0.1 C Weight% Kimble N.C. 193024 Kimble N-51-A 195838 Kimble N51A 196839 Gerresheimer N51A 201436 SiO2 73.8 74.0 74.6 72.7 Al2O3 5.5 5.4 5.5 6.6 B2O3 9.6 9.1 9.4 11.3 Na2O 6.5 6.4 6.2 6.0 K2O 0.9 0.6 2.6 MgO 0.5 0.2 0.3 CaO 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.5 BaO 3 2.9 2.2 ZnO 0.6 As2O3 0.1
Jump to section
- Article
- Abstract
- Introduction: Why Is Glass an Ideal Material for Packaging Pharmaceutical Products?
- Glass Composition Evolution
- Manufacturing Methods Advances
- Test Methods
- Problems Associated with Glass Packaging
- What's Next: Advances in Glass Composition, Performance, and Testing
- Conflict of Interest Declaration
- Acknowledgements
- Reference
- Figures & Data
- References
- Info & Metrics